In KIMs in Russian, compiled by FIPI for the USE in 2020, there are tasks for paronyms, which can be handled by a special dictionary containing a complete list of words used in the preparation of examination tickets, as well as their meanings.
Important About Paronyms
Paronyms are words close in spelling, morphemic composition and pronunciation, but different in meaning.
There are three main groups of paronyms:
- root (have a purely external resemblance, but with different roots);
- affix (have a common root and are united by a semantic link);
- etymological (the same word borrowed from other languages in different ways).
Important! The incorrect use of paronyms is considered a gross lexical error, therefore, it is necessary to know the meanings of such words and the features of their use in oral and written speech.
Note! In the text, such words can be expressed in various parts of speech (noun, adjective, verb, adverb), and therefore can be used in different lexical structures.
Having opened a brief dictionary of paronyms compiled for the Unified State Examination of 2020, or a publication that contains a complete list of words similar in sound to the Russian language, one can meet:
- paronymic couples (bundles of 2 words each);
- paronymic series (connectives containing 3 to 7 words).
Task number 5
In KIM’s promising Russian language model developed by FIPI for the USE in 2020, graduates will need to recall the paronyms on the list (as well as their meaning) when completing assignment 5.
In the assignment, the examinees will need to familiarize themselves with the five sentences, determining in which of them the word paronym (these words are highlighted) is used incorrectly.
Please note that the answer must indicate the correct word, the use of which will be appropriate in this lexical design. It will be easier to choose the right pair if, at the stage of preparation for the Unified State Examination 2020, the student works out all the paronyms that are on the FIPI list.
So, in the proposed task from the demo, the paronym in the 4th sentence is incorrectly selected. Instead of the word EFFICIENCY it is necessary to write EFFECTIVENESS. Accordingly, in response, we write EFFICIENCY.
Vocabulary
In the Russian language there are a lot of words that are close in sound and spelling, but differ in meaning. You don’t have to learn everything, because for the Unified State Examination in 2020, you will need only those paronyms that FIPI has included in its short list.
| BUT |
| Subscription - subscriber Artistic - Artistic |
| B |
| Poor - Poor Reckless - reckless Swampy - Swampy Thankful - Thankful Charity - beneficent Former - Former |
| IN |
| Inhale - sigh Century - Eternal Great - Majestic Replenish - supplement - fill - fill - overflow - replenish; full - full - full Hostile - enemy Choose - choose; choosing - choosing Benefit - Profitability Extradition - bestowal - transfer - distribution Payment - payment - payment - payment Pay - pay - pay - pay - pay Grow - grow - grow Growing - Building - Growing High - high |
| G |
| Warranty - Guaranteed Harmonic - harmonious Clay - Clay Yearly - Yearly - Yearly Pride - Pride Humanism - Humanity Humanistic - Humanitarian - Humane |
| D |
| Binary - double - double - double - double - doubled Effective - Actual - Acting Business - Business - Business - Business Democratic - Democratic Dictation - Dictation Diplomat - diplomat Diplomatic - Diplomatic Long - Long Mighty - kind Trusted - Trustful Rain - Rain Dramatic - Dramatic Friendly - Friendly - Friendly |
| E |
| Single - only |
| F |
| Desired - Desired Cruel - hard Vital - everyday Housing - Residential |
| 3 |
| To fence - to fence - to fence - to fence - to partition Underestimate - lower - lower The instigator - the instigator Bestial - brutal Sound - sound Visual - spectator |
| AND |
| Inventive - Inventive Informative - informational Information - Awareness Ironic - ironic Artificial - Artificial Executive - Executive Outgoing - Outgoing |
| TO |
| Rocky - stone Comfortable - comfortable Equestrian - Horse Chunky - Root - Root Bone - bone Colorful - Coloring - Dyed |
| L |
| Varnished - Varnished Ice - ice Wooded - Forest Personal - personal |
| M |
| Microscopic - Microscopic Ice cream - freezer - frosty |
| N |
| To put on - to put on Availability - Cash Reminder - Mention The ignoramus is the ignoramus Intolerant - impatient - intolerant Unsuccessful - Unsuccessful |
| ABOUT |
| Accused - indictment Scrap - Excerpt Grab - grab Limit - delimit - delimit Hail - response Organic - Organic Selective - Selective Deviation - Evasion Deviate - Evade To distinguish (s) - to distinguish (s) The difference is the difference |
| P |
| Memorable - Memorable Endure - endure Purchasing - Purchasing - Purchasing Populist - Popular Honorable - Honorable - Honorable Practical - Practical Provide - submit Representative - Representative Recognized - Appreciation Productive - grocery Productivity - Production Productive - Production Enlightening - Enlightened Journalistic - journalistic Shy - scared |
| R |
| Irritation - irritability Rhythmic - rhythmic Romantic - romantic |
| FROM |
| Secretive - hidden Vocabulary - verbal Resistance - Resistance Neighbor - Neighbor Comparable - comparative Stage - Stage |
| T |
| Technical - Technical |
| At |
| Lucky - lucky Humiliated - Humiliating |
| F |
| Actual - Actual |
| X |
| Predatory - predatory |
| Ts |
| Royal - royal - reigning Whole - whole - holistic |
| E |
| Economic - economical - economical Aesthetic - Aesthetic Ethical - Ethical Effective - effective Efficiency - Effectiveness |
The semantic meaning of most of the words given in the tablet is well known to you. But there are also pairs and series, the memorization of which from year to year makes students difficult. Here a dictionary can come to the rescue, in which all the paronyms are given with explanations. Understanding the lexical meaning of this or that word, you will not make mistakes in the preparation of the sentence, and you will easily find the wrong paronym in task number 5.
Option number 1
You can find a dictionary that contains not only the list of words for the USE 2020, but also their meaning, on the Internet. For example, on the portal paronymonline.ru, where all pairs and rows are conveniently divided into blocks in alphabetical order.
Option number 2
Download one of the Russian dictionaries (Kolesnikov, Sedakov, Vvedenskaya or other authors), which contains all the paronyms, including those that will meet at the USE 2020.
Option number 3
If you don’t like studying in front of the monitor screen, and you’re not ready to study a large dictionary, download the most necessary paronyms in pdf format and get ready for the Unified State Examination 2020 even without access to the Internet.
Secrets of memorization
For many, remembering paronyms is a real problem and even a good dictionary with explanations cannot facilitate the preparation for the Unified State Examination 2020 (the problem is especially urgent for those for whom Russian is not the main language in communication).
If synonymous pairs and series are not fixed in any way, try one of the effective tips of experienced teachers. People with developed visual perception will be helped by pictures showing the difference between the meaning of similar words. For those who are better at listening, tutors recommend memorizing rhymes with paronyms.
My grandfather was full today -
Too hearty ate dinner.
The diplomat presented to all guests -
Work worthy of all the awards he provided them.
Believe me, in fact
We can’t stand the test!
Composing your rhymed lines with paronyms can also be great entertainment.
Those who remember better when listening to the teacher should study the topic in video tutorials in which exam tutors in detail tell you how to correctly complete task number 5, as well as remembering which pairs and rows to pay special attention to.
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